Table 1


Table 1. Risk factors Extrinsic risk factors Heavy physical labor Frequent bending and twisting Lifting and forceful movements Repetitive movements Vibration Smoking Improper body mechanics Insufficient exercise Prolonged sitting or driving Intrinsic risk factors Anthropometrics (obesity, increased height) Spinal abnormalities Genetic predisposition Pregnancy Psychosocial
	Psychosocial stress
		(self-perception, family stress)
	Health beliefs
		(locus of control, self-efficacy, perception of disability, expectations)
Psychological stress)
	(somatization, anxiety, depression)
Aging